Extreme Poverty Causes, Effects, And Solutions - 902 Words

There are many global issues in the world one of them is extreme poverty. Extreme poverty is an issue in many countries all over the world. There are several causes, effects, and solutions to this issue. Extreme poverty is living on under two dollars a day, migration, violence, lack of education, diseases, starvation and exploitation. Colombia is a country where there are people living on two dollars a day. A country where they are not getting the education that they need. In Colombia, about 30 percent of the population are living in extreme poverty conditions. Colombia is also a country where drug-related violence is one of the biggest causes of death The U.S has tried to†¦show more content†¦Living in the conditions that they live in it is really hard to survive when there is no help from any resources or your government (Brett). Poor access to education and health care is a major cause in Colombia also. In Colombia, there is poor quality access to education. A person canà ¢â‚¬â„¢t get out of poverty if they don’t have an education or the education that they are getting is poor quality. Children are not attending school to help their parents work. They don’t have the money to afford school supplies or uniforms to go to school, making it harder for them to break the cycle of poverty. They have poor access to healthcare because they can’t afford it also the government is not willing to provide it for them. (Cotte) Some effects of extreme poverty in Colombia are death, lack of human security and little security of employment. There are many other effects but these are the main effects of poverty in Colombia. Effects that not much people pay attention to. People don’t think that these effects affect people that are in poverty or effects that lead people to poverty. Living in extreme poverty, death can be a really big effect. There are people that die from starvation because they can’t afford food, shelter or provide heal thcare when they are ill. Each week 2 to 3 children are dying of malnutrition and lack of water. TheyShow MoreRelatedPoverty is the Worst Form of Violence Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"One must be poor to know the luxury of living† (Bartas). Poverty is a term used to identify shortage in revenue. A more convenient term to the universal stipulation nowadays, however, is absolute poverty. This term recognizes extreme deficiency in fundamental living supplies; food, shelter and water. According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die of famine each day. Furthermore, recent researches have proved out that over 3 billion humans on earth live on less than $2.50 a day. Since half of the worldRead MoreIs It Possible to End World Poverty? Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesnew one but an on-going one and it has been going on for decades. What is poverty? 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Chemistry and Biotechnology Free Essays

1. What specific topic did you choose to research and evaluate? I decided to conduct research on stem cells for medical use. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry and Biotechnology or any similar topic only for you Order Now List the resources that you used in your research of your topic. http://www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/related-policy-topics/stem-cell-research/basics-stem-cell-research.page http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx 3. Describe, in a few paragraphs, the biotechnology that you researched. How is it currently being used and/or what are the hopes for its use in the future? Stem cell research is a fairly new study which has gained a large amount of popularity lately. Stem cells are cells that have the potential to become specialized into different types of cells within the body. What this can do is help replace damaged cells with healthy new cells since stem cells are able to adapt to what is needed. The research going on is to discover how this can be used medically to help cure major diseases out there in the world. There are many ways to acquire stem cells. The most popular form is through the umbilical cord from the birth process. The other way to acquire this is through the bone marrow and from blood. Some other minor methods include germ cells or organs of an aborted fetus, embryos made by in vitro fertilization and mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. Most commonly however, stem cells are acquired through bone marrow and umbilical cords. 4. Describe the positive aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible. The positive outcomes of this can include a wide variety of possibilities. This has the potential to create multiple cures for diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, vision/hearing loss and much more. Also, if a soldier was to be wounded with a burn or fatal injury, stem cells may be able to repair these problems and help lower casualty and death rates in our military. In addition, with how convenient bone marrow can be found (seeing as every person has it), this can help those people, who are in need of stem cells, easily acquire it on such short notice. 5. Describe the negative  aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible. There is currently not enough research on stem cells to fully determine their potential as to what they can do. This is bad on both ends of the spectrum. If stem cells were to be proven useless, this would be considered a waste of time and money. If they prove to be extremely powerful and can transform into any cell possible, there may be talk that this kind of technology can be overwhelming. Overwhelming in the sense that what if these stem cells are powerful enough to make a brand new human being? What if people use these stem cells on themselves to make themselves look 21 years old until they die or remodel certain aspects of their body to make it so it fits their desire? It will be a sense of cheating out life by just getting the easy way out of a lot of issues. 6. Based on your research, what is your conclusion about whether or not this biotechnology should be used? Be sure to explain your answer. After conducting my own research I believe stem cells should have more research put into them to discover their complete potential. If proven to be used for medical reasons such as to cure certain diseases, this should definitely be implemented into the medical field (assuming there are no major side effects). This can be a huge advancement in the medical field and may be a breakthrough in saving many lives of dying individuals. I do believe that regardless of its potential, whether stem cells prove to be useful or useless, they should be kept away from the public and should only be kept in medical facilities and only used for medical purposes. I would not feel comfortable having people running around the streets with stem cells in their back pocket not knowing what they can do with them. How to cite Chemistry and Biotechnology, Papers

Egg Drop Sample Essay Example For Students

Egg Drop Sample Essay The aim of our undertaking was to plan and construct a appliance that would procure an egg from interrupting upon impact from a 2nd narrative window. and the appliance wieghing every bit to the lowest degree as possible while falling the fastest. We wanted to plan something that would supply a batch of buffering straight to the egg. and besides provide excess padding to weaken the impact. After proving and subjecting a design of merely bubble wrap around the egg we found out that it will non be allowed. Due to this we had to do alterations in order to derive originality pionts and add to the creativeness. After chew overing for a few proceedingss we came up with the thought of seting the egg in a container of some stuff with padding. and so wrap the container in bubble wrap. This suttle alteration was plenty to derive originality points and led us to the edifice phase. During the edifice procedure we were strapped for stuffs. until we made a much needed trip to the shop. At the house we tried to utilize a plastic ball and H2O to procure the egg before wrapping it in the bubble wrap. After failure we tried other stuffs but they neer made the testing phase dues to riddance. We went to breeze through hardware to look for stuffs that would keep the egg firmly without interrupting it. After seeking for a piece and rubing out thoughts we found a two inch PVC pipe along with two one and a half inch trial stopper that are H2O tight. At this point we still had the H2O thought to keep the egg inside the tube. To maintain the wieght down we used cotton balls inside the tube to maintain the egg from coming in direct contact with the difficult plastic. but alternatively with the soft cotton. With this thought secured we took ot to the testing phase. After wrapping the egg in cotton and procuring it in the plastic pipe we wrapped the pipe with bubble wrap a twos ome of times by cutting up a two by three foot sheet of bubble wrap. This was so dropped from a 2nd narrative balcony on concrete. after the unwrapping we were happy to happen out that the egg survived. In category on Friday we dropped our appliance. and this clip after undoing we were unhappy to happen out that the egg had been cracked. Since we thought that medium eggs were being used alternatively of big. we constructed our undertaking around the medium egg. The big egg was to big to suit in the pipe and could non be wrapped in cotton. so the egg was in direct contact with the difficult plastic sides. Since we thought this was the ground our egg had broken. we consulted with Mrs. Lovin to see if we could do alterations. After her great genourosity of allowing us convey in our ain medium size egg and redropping our design Tuesday we agreed. Since the medium egg is significantlly smaller we were able to wrap the egg with cotton before infixing it into the plastic pipe. After dropping it we were glad to happen out that the egg did non interrupt merely as the trials had proved earlier. If I could alter something about the undertaking I would hold used a bigger pipe. in order to suit big eggs. and seek to utilize stuff that wieghed less. We new that all the stuffs would fall at the same velocity. but by adding the excess weight we thought it would assist it fall the excess hundreths of seconds in order to acquire a faster clip. Time was more of import than wieght because it was worth more points but we did non anticipate to hold the 2nd heaviest design in the category. To reflect back on the undertaking I was excited our design worked and thought our design and success reflects our difficult work. .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 , .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .postImageUrl , .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 , .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463:h over , .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463:visited , .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463:active { border:0!important; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463:active , .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463 .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07515d3efc736722c3c7b68ef9045463: after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Essay

Protests and music of the Vietnam War

Introduction The Vietnam War was perhaps the worst war the U.S. ever took part in. The government suffered massive losses, and the war substantially tainted its image. As the war progressed, the government faced great set-backs because public were totally against the war.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Protests and music of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government had lied to the public about the intentions of the war but as the 60’s decade came to an end, war veterans brought the truth home. This was amid an announcement by President Nixon that the war had escalated to Cambodia. As the public absorbed the announcement, and the truth behind the war, they were angered by the fact that many American lives had been lost in the war, and the fact that the government was still directing young-adult males to go to Vietnam. Mass protests, that had begun earlier, increased with stud ents forming the frontline of the protesters. Anti-protest police killed and injured a number of the protesters leading to even more protests, and irresponsibility during the protests as protesters quelled their anger. These protests continued until the government made a decision to withdraw troops from the war. Music and Vietnam War The Vietnam War led to an era of music that can be associated entirely with the events of the war. Music was part of the war as soldiers used in many occasions during the war. This can even be evidenced by the number of movies produced after the Vietnam War because the movies were characterized by battle scenes that have music playing in the background. An example is the movie Forrest Gump. The troops in the Vietnam War had their own music tastes. A good example of a track that was popular among American troops is the song We Gotta Get Out of this Place. The song Happy Birthday Abey Baby also became popular during this time because of its message, which reflects the racial aspects of the Vietnam War. Another popular song was the track, â€Å"We Will All Go Down Together† (Miller 1), which is done by Billy Joel.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the war itself, soldiers had tapes which they were fond of listening to even as they engaged in gun battles. There were a lot of references to music by the troops as the war progressed. For instance, before soldiers fired their guns, they would sometimes say that they were â€Å"ready to rock n’ roll† (Fish 1). Additionally, as bullets or missiles were fired from a helicopter, the phrase, â€Å"Puff the Magic Dragon†, was commonly used. Even more surprising is the fact that in certain areas, music would be playing from loud speakers as the combat progressed. An example of a song that was commonly played during combat is the song â€Å"Night in W hite Satin† done by Moody Blues. People who had the privilege to have been alive during the Vietnam War agree that music had a special role to play during the war period. In fact most of these people, who are grannies now, recommend several songs to anyone wishing to know what went on during the Vietnam War. They recommend that one listens to the message being passed by the artists of the time, and the deep meaning of the songs. The message in the music was that of a people desperate for peace in a war-torn world. Some of the tracks showed how the government had misrepresented its intentions in the Vietnam War, and how the public was angry towards the government’s decision to be involved in the Vietnam War (Tuso 9). It is for this reason that the 1960 decade went down in the books of performance-music history as the decade that had a record number of concerts, and number of people in concerts, in comparison with what was experienced before the decade. Effects of the mus ic The discussed anti-war music had great socio-economic and political implications for the American government, specifically in relation to decisions about the war in Vietnam.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Protests and music of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The anti-war music took the American youth of the 1960’s; especially college students to a high level as far as political matters are concerned. The anti-war musicians gave clear messages to the youth of the time; that the country had gone to political dogs, and it was time the public took control of their own destiny. With time it was apparent that the young generation was very alert on political matters, and that the youth was not going to watch as the government misrepresented facts about the situation in Vietnam. Moreover, some combat veterans were already returning from the war and unearthing the government secrets a bout the intention of the war in the first place. The social climate that was created by the presence of people who knew the truth about the war, and the presence of musicians whose lyrics and music were a reflection of the collective conscience of the public, saw the end of an unjust and barbaric war, which the government had been sweeping under the carpet with the tag â€Å"police action† (Schifferes 1). Protests against the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was characterized by so many protests that it can be confidently argued that the protests marked the greatest anti-war movement in the history of the United States. The protests were sparked early in the 1960’s, during which they were based in colleges and large cities. With time, however, troops in Vietnam grew to more than half a million Americans. This was after 1964. After the increased presence of American troops in Vietnam, the public grew more restless, and protests became more serious and frequent (Sayre 1). By the close of the decade, hundreds of thousands of American citizens were protesting at various locations all over the nation. The year 1970 saw the peak of the protests as the public was angered by several attempts by the police to quell the protests. This was after four students who had been involved in a peaceful demonstration at the Ohio’s Kent State University were shot dead and other nine students injured by gunshots. These atrocities were carried out by the National Guard Troops in an attempt by the government to contain the situation created by the mass protests against the war in Vietnam.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased the protests, with some protests being accompanied by violence, bombings, vandalisms and arson. The students were expressing their anger towards the shedding of blood in the Kent State protest by government agents, as well as expressing their displeasure of the government’s involvement in the Vietnam War. By the end of the year 1974, American troops had been withdrawn from Vietnam, and the protests had also subsided (Miller 1). The puppet regime that was in Vietnam before the war had also collapsed, and thus the Vietnamese were no longer under foreign colonization. President Nixon had made an announcement during the last day of April in 1970 that the war had extended to the neighboring Cambodia. This was, perhaps the motivation behind the protests at Kent State. The killing of the four students, as well as the announcement that the war had escalated, led to an increase in the intensity and volume of the protests in terms of protesters. The four killed were stud ents at the Kent State University, which is based in Ohio. This was the inspiration behind the song Ohio done by Young, Crosby, Nash and Stills. During the first week of May, there was a general strike for lauding antiwar protests in Oklahoma University. Close to a thousand protesters went to the streets with one of the protesters displaying a communist flag belonging to Vietnam. He was arrested by the police under the Oklahoma law. This led to angry exchanges between the protesters and a number of police and highway patrol officers. Several protesters sustained injuries during the exchanges and other three protesters were arrested (Garrity 1). This led to mass protests by the students in response to the arrest of the student who had unfolded the Vietnam flag. This, combined with protests in other states like Ohio, created an environment that could be regarded as that of pure protests. Effects of the protests The protests that took place during the Vietnam War shaped the socio-econo mic and political set-up of the United States significantly. Prior to this, protests were being taken seriously, and the public was not properly protected against the atrocities of the police during peaceful protests. The Kent State killings, in particular, led to development of appropriate laws for freedom of expression that were tailored to ensure that the public is able to express its displeasure towards the excesses of the government, and other similar issues. Apart from this, the fact that the Vietnam War ended in the year 1974, barely a decade after the U.S. sent troops to Vietnam, can be attributed to the contribution of the public unrest. The protests had peaked in 1970 and thus the ending of the war in 1974 can be seen as an indication that the protests made a great contribution towards efforts to end the war. The protests also revealed the fact that the ultimate power of making political decisions rests on the public, but not the political class (Fish 1). This is because a ll the senators were unanimous about the decision to send troops to Vietnam. As mentioned above, the war protests led to development of a more conducive climate for expression. Thus after the war, courtesy of the protests, people had more freedom of expression than before. Relationship between music and protests Music formed a very important part of the protests that took place against the Vietnam War. Most of the music that was played during the time was a motivation for protests against the War in Vietnam. For example, the song Ohio done by Young, Crosby, Nash and Stills was used to call the public for more action after the killing of the aforementioned Kent State students. In the year 1969 the song, Fortunate Son was released by the band Creedence Clearwater. The song was a protest song dedicated to the youth who were being forced to be involved in the Vietnam War. Some of the lyrics of the song include a line that says, â€Å"It ain’t me, I ain’t no senatorâ€℠¢s son, I ain’t no fortune one† (Garrity 1). Another part of the song says, â€Å"When the band plays hail to the chief, they point the cannon at you† (Garrity 1), depicting the cruelty that the protesters were facing from the military. The songs were therefore meant to act as motivations for unrest. Music was also a consolation for the masses since they had been failed by their political representatives and thus they needed somebody with whom they shared the same sentiments. The music played during this time also had a number of cultural influences. For instance, the impact of The Beatles was so enormous that the members of the group were trendsetters for the society. For instance, they were responsible for the popularity of long hair among boys. They set a record 21 hits that topped charts during the time. This record has never been beaten by any other band. Their popularity was so great during the time that the guitar player of the group, one John Lennon, was prompted to think that his group was â€Å"more popular than Jesus† (Streich 1). Of course this statement attracted substantial outcries from religious crusaders but all he meant was that The Beatles were unimaginably popular. Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, the Vietnam War was characterized by the largest anti-war protests ever experienced in the history of America. These protests were mainly caused by the fact that the real reason of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War was not known to the public. The public also saw carelessness on the part of the government, and ill intentions. This was aggravated by the government’s requirement of young-adult males to be involved in the war after college in the late 1960’s. This requirement made college students to be actively involved in the protests, which saw a number of students being killed, and others injured by anti-protest police. After a number of violent incidences involving students a nd the police, specifically the Kent State shootings and protests in several other universities, the protests increased and the number of people being involved in a single episode of protests also increased. This situation continued until the U.S. government started withdrawing troops from Vietnam in the early 70’s. The Vietnam War was also characterized by great music influence. After losing confidence in the government, artists started producing songs with lyrics that were a message to either the government or the public regarding the Vietnam War. The songs therefore acted as a consolation to the masses because they no longer had confidence in their government. The influence of the anti-war music was so much that even the troops in Vietnam used phrases that were actually lines from the lyrics of certain anti-war songs. They even listened to music played via loudspeakers in some areas as they engaged in combat. However, the greatest influence of the anti-war music was the fa ct that it fuelled protests and thus acted as a motivation for revolting against the Vietnam War. All in all, anti-war music and protests remain in the minds of every American citizen who witnessed the activities of the Vietnam War. The war is mostly remembered when people reminisce about the protests or when people listen to the anti-war music. Works Cited Fish, Lydia. â€Å"Songs of Americans in the Vietnam War†. 1993. Web. Garrity, Patrick. â€Å"Music and the Remembrance of War†. 2006.  Web. Miller, John. â€Å"Vietnam War Protests†. Oklahoma Historical Society. 2009. Web. Sayre, James. â€Å"Late 1960’s and early 1970’s anti-Vietnam war protests, social and political background notes and a short discussion of some of the best rock ‘n roll music of the times†. 2008.  Web. Schifferes, Steve. â€Å"Vietnam: The Music of Protest†. 2005.  Web. Streich, Michael. â€Å"Vietnam War Protest Music†. 2010.  Web. Tuso, J oseph. Singing the Vietnam Blues: Folksongs of the American Fighter Pilot in Southeast Asia. College Station: Texas A and M Press, 1990. This research paper on Protests and music of the Vietnam War was written and submitted by user Kinsley Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Charles Inglis essays

Charles Inglis essays Charles Inglis was born in Donegal, Ireland in 1734. As an Anglican clergyman and a Loyalist, he came to America. He became a teacher and then was ordained to London, England in 1758. He returned though to America in 1759 to be a missionary in Dover, Delaware until 1765. In late 1765, Charles Inglis worked with Rev. Thomas B. Chandler as assistant to the rector of Trinity Church in New York City. During this time he worked for establishment of an American diocese. After the outbreak of the Revolution in 1776, Charles Inglis answered Thomas Paines Common Sense and it was titled The True Interest of America. Following Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, Charles Inglis became Rector of Trinity in 1777; he continued writing against the American reason over the pen name Papinian. In 1783 he returned to England where he was consecrated first Bishop if Nova Scotia in 1787. Charles Iglis was a very good writer. He cared a lot about how America treated him. I dont really thing he got enough recognition because I couldnt find out a lot about him. I wish I were able to though. He seemed to have done a lot for writing in America and expressing feelings freely. He is a great role model for writers who want to change the world. ...

Ottoman Empire Society and Structure

Ottoman Empire Society and Structure The Ottoman Empire was organized into a very complicated social structure  because it was a large, multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Ottoman society was divided between Muslims and non-Muslims, with Muslims theoretically having a higher standing than Christians or Jews. During the early years of Ottoman rule, a Sunni Turkish minority ruled over a Christian majority, as well as a sizable Jewish minority. Key Christian ethnic groups included the Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians, as well as Coptic Egyptians. As people of the Book, other monotheists were treated with respect. Under the millet system, the people of each faith were ruled and judged under their own laws: for Muslims, canon law for Christians, and halakha for Jewish citizens. Although non-Muslims sometimes paid higher taxes, and Christians were subject to the  blood tax, a tax paid in male children, there was not a lot of day-to-day differentiation between people of different faiths. In theory, non-Muslims were barred from holding high office, but enforcement of that regulation was lax during much of the Ottoman period. During the later years, non-Muslims became the minority due to secession and out-migration, but they were still treated quite equitably. By the time the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I, its population was 81% Muslim. Government Versus Non-Government Workers Another important social distinction was that between people who worked for the government versus people who did not. Again, theoretically, only Muslims could be part of the sultans government, although they could be converts from Christianity or Judaism. It did not matter if a person was born free or was a slave; either could rise to a position of power. People associated with the Ottoman court or divan were considered higher status than those who were not. They included members of the sultans household, army and navy officers and enlisted men, central and regional bureaucrats, scribes, teachers, judges, and lawyers, as well as members of the other professions. This entire bureaucratic machinery made up only about 10% of the population, and was overwhelmingly Turkish, although some minority groups were represented in the bureaucracy and the military through the devshirme system. Members of the governing class ranged from the sultan and his grand vizier, through regional governors and officers of the Janissary corps, down to nisanci or court calligrapher.  The government became known collectively as the Sublime Porte, after the gate to the administrative building complex. The remaining 90% of the population were the tax-payers who supported the elaborate Ottoman bureaucracy. They included skilled and unskilled laborers, such as farmers, tailors, merchants, carpet-makers, mechanics, etc. The vast majority of the sultans Christian and Jewish subjects fell into this category. According to Muslim tradition, the government should welcome the conversion of any subject who was willing to become Muslim. However, since Muslims paid lower taxes than members of other religions, ironically it was in the Ottoman divans interests to have the largest possible number of non-Muslim subjects. A mass conversion would have spelled economic disaster for the Ottoman Empire. In Summary Essentially, then, the Ottoman Empire had a small but elaborate government bureaucracy, made up almost entirely of Muslims, most of them of Turkish origin. This divan was supported by a large cohort of mixed religion and ethnicity, mostly farmers, who paid taxes to the central government. Source Sugar, Peter. Ottoman Social and State Structure. Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354 - 1804. University of Washington Press, 1977.

Male Hysteria' in Showalter's The Female Malady Essay

Male Hysteria' in Showalter's The Female Malady - Essay Example They say that these characteristics, coupled with some environmental issues trigger hysteria. For a long time, until recently, stories of hysteria were told by men, and in these stories, the women were portrayed not as the heroines, but as the victims. But as more research was done by various psychoanalysts, different opinions and observations came to light. The main one being that hysteria could not only be linked to women but could also be a male condition, or a condition general for individuals, irrespective of gender, who feel that they are silenced by society or powerless against it. According to texts, male hysteria has always been considered a shameful condition, and male hysterics are seen as unmanly and weak (Showalter, p180). They say it is as if the feminine component associated with hysteria is itself a symptom. In A System of Medicine by John Russell Reynolds, it is argued that hysterical men or boys are either of morally or mentally feminine constitution. The stereotypes and prejudices that were protested at some point are alive and still being used against mal e hysterics. An analyst notes that a hysterical man is described as one who behaves like a woman. In her book, Showalter included one study she made on Emile Batualt, a French researcher. According to the study, Batualt observations were focused on hysterical men found in Salpetriere’s special ward. Here, the male patients were fearful and timid. Their gazes were not piercing or lively. They were languorous, poetic and soft. Eccentric and coquettish, they preferred scarves and ribbons to manual labor (Showalter, p172). With these kinds of expectations, doctors were finding it difficult to accept the diagnosis of hysteria in men who seemed virile. The image of a hysteric in psychiatric literature is described to depict that the man would be closely described as a passive homosexual. This advances the image created of male hysteria, which brings